[The History of Hachirogata Reclamation ①] Japan's second largest lake became a vast rice field [Ogata Village, Akita Prefecture]

The Oga Peninsula, where the original form of its current appearance was formed 2,000 years ago

Before the Oga Peninsula took on its current shape, the surrounding land emerged from beneath the sea about 20,000 years ago during the Ice Age. As ice increased in the Northern Hemisphere and Antarctica, sea levels dropped and land was created. When the Ice Age ended, sea levels began to rise, and about 6,000 years ago, the entire peninsula was submerged again, except for a small island offshore. 6,000 years ago was the late Jomon period, when the Earth's temperature was at its highest, and it is said that sea levels were 2-3 meters higher than they are today

The Earth began to cool again around 4,000 years ago. As a result, sea levels gradually dropped, causing the offshore island (Oga Island) to grow larger and smaller, narrowing the distance between it and the mainland. Sand carried by the Yoneshiro River to the north(where its mouth is in Noshiro City) andthe Omono River(where its mouth is in Akita City)a sand spit(a long, narrow rise formed by sand carried by water currents), and around 2,000 years ago, Oga Island and the mainland became connected by land. This marked the birth of the Oga Peninsula.

Hachirogata was formed when the river carried sand

Although Oga became a peninsula, a shallow area of ​​seawater remained inside the sandbar. This is Lake Hachirogata. Although it was only about 4-5 meters deep at its deepest point, it covered an area of ​​approximately 22,000 hectares (220 square kilometers, approximately 12 km east to west and 27 km north to south), making it the second largest lake in Japan after Lake Biwa

Hachirogata is a treasure trove of seafood. Traditional fishing methods that disappeared due to land reclamation

Because Lake Hachirogata is a brackish lake, it is home to many kinds of fish, and fishing has been a thriving industry there since ancient times.Ice fishing, where people drill holes in the thick ice of the lake that freezes completely in winter and put nets into them to catch fish, was a winter tradition.

"Ice fishing" is a traditional fishing method that has been practiced since before the Edo period, andSugae Masumihis book "Hiono no Muragimileft detailed illustrations of it in

The vast waters of Lake Hachirogata were pumped out to create rice paddies. Reclamation projects were planned many times

For the people of the Oga region, which has limited arable land and often suffers from rice shortages due to cold weather, the conversion of the shallow Lake Hachirogata into farmland has been a long-held wish. It seems that reclaiming parts of Lake Hachirogata for farmland had been done since ancient times, but in the late Edo period,Watabe Onomatsu, an official of the Akita domain and known as the father ofCanal Projectand undertook large-scale farmland development. The Hachirogata Canal Project, carried out from 1822 to 1826, is said to have completed the conversion of 20 hectares of farmland by reclaiming land along the shores of Lake Hachirogata.

Even after the transition from the Edo period to the Meiji period, plans to turn the entire Hachirogata into farmland were launched several times

In 1872 (Meiji 5), Yoshitake Shima, who was appointed as the first governor of Akita Prefecture,toannounced a plan to develop Lake Hachirogata. He solicited donations from the general public and even went to TokyoToshimichiOkubo, a key figure in the government, but the plan never came to fruition.

In 1923 (Taisho 12),Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce(a government agency that combined the functions of the current Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry)Kan'ichi Kachicreated a land use plan for Lake Hachirogata and proceeded with preparations such as on-site surveys as a national project, but this too was shelved due to budget constraints. Kachi's plan was to reclaim more than 50% of Lake Hachirogata into farmland, leaving the remaining lake as a residual lake in the center of the reclaimed land to be used for agricultural water and as a flood control reservoir.

As the Showa era began, plans were made in the 1930s for the Kanamori Plan to use Lake Hachirogata as industrial land, and the Morooka Plan, which was a modification of the Kachi Plan, but both were scrapped with the outbreak of the Pacific War

After World War II, the Hachirogata reclamation project was realized with technical cooperation from the Netherlands

Japan's defeat in World War II brought about a severe food shortage. A massive increase in rice production became an urgent necessity, and the governmentIsahaya Bay(Nagasaki Prefecture) andLake Inbanuma(Chiba Prefecture). Lake Hachirogata was included in these projects, and the Kano plan, which is similar to the current form, was proposed. However, due to opposition from local fishermen and budget constraints, construction could not begin. Nevertheless, the political climate surrounding the aftermath of the defeat opened up a path to realizing that dream.

Japan struggled to deal with the Allied nations. Facing numerous issues, including territorial disputes and reparations, Japan signed theSan Francisco Peace Treaty. During the negotiations, one of the conditions for peace presented by the Netherlands was that Japan utilize Dutch technology.

The Japanese government was at a loss as to which Dutch technology to choose, butJun Shimokawabe(then 26 years old, later Vice Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism), an official of the Ministry of Construction (now the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism), realized that the Netherlands was a leading country in land reclamation and proposed to then-Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida that "land reclamation of Lake Hachirogata is possible if we have Dutch technology." This was the moment when the Hachirogata land reclamation project, which had been considered impossible, suddenly began to move towards realization.

20% of the Netherlands' land area was created through land reclamation

Since the 13th century, the Netherlands has actively engaged in land reclamation, expanding its territory. Most of the country is flat, facing the North Sea to the west. Since the coastline is almost at the same elevation as sea level, the country has been plagued by seawater erosion and flooding caused by storms since ancient times. Land reclamation was conceived as a way to stop the flooding and further expand the country's land area

Two methods that can be considered for draining water and creating new land are "reclamation" and "reclamation." "Reclamation" literally means "filling holes, coasts, ponds, etc. with new soil and sand," which basically means piling up the soil higher than the original water level. This requires a huge amount of soil and sand to create a large area of ​​land

On the other hand, "reclamation" simply involves draining the water and using the resulting land as is. While it may seem easier than "filling in" because it only involves draining the water, the problem is that the new land is lower than the water level. Building sturdy levees and drainage facilities in case of an emergency requires extensive experience and technical skill. In the case of the Netherlands, reclamation was chosen because the sea facing the country was shallow and there was an overwhelming lack of soil and sand to transport for landfill. Initially, reclamation projects began gradually, but over the next 700 years up to the 20th century, an astounding 8,100 square kilometers of new land (about 20% of the Netherlands' land area, or about 12 times the size of Lake Biwa) was created, demonstrating exceptional experience and technical skill

A reclamation plan created by Dutch expert Professor Jansen and others

Land reclamation has been practiced in Japan for a long time. It is said that land reclamation began in the Ariake Sea during the Asuka period, and farmland was expanded through land reclamation all over the country. However, even in the mid-Showa period, there was no experience of a large-scale land reclamation project like Hachirogata

Following the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty, Japanese engineers began studying in the Netherlands. In 1954,Peter Philips Jansencame to Japan, officially launching the Hachirogata land reclamation project.

The Hachirogata reclamation project was made possible through the cooperation of fishermen who depend on Hachirogata for their livelihood

Hachirogata has been a lake rich in fishery resources since ancient times, and after the end of the war, approximately 3,000 households and 20,000 people earned their living from fishing. For fishermen, the reclamation of Hachirogata was a matter of life and death, and naturally, a major opposition movement arose

The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (now the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries) and Akita Prefecture, desperate to increase farmland for food self-sufficiency, persistently negotiated with opposing fishermen. As a result, a compromise was reached in August 1957, and in December of that year, the "Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Implementation of Fishery Compensation Issues Accompanying the Hachirogata Reclamation Project" was signed. An agreement was reached to pay a total of 1.69 billion yen in fishery compensation, and the reclamation project officially commenced.

It will take 20 years to complete the reclamation project. The newly emerged land is 2.5 times the size of the area inside the Yamanote Line

The land reclamation project, which aimed to convert 80% of Lake Hachirogata into farmland, began with the construction of a dike approximately 52 km long. Once the dike was completed, powerful pumps were used to drain the water inside the dike outwards. In 1964, Ogata Village was established, and the drainage was completely finished in 1966. After various construction projects, including the conversion to farmland,the national Hachirogata Land Reclamation Projectwas completed in March 1977. The reclaimed area is approximately 15,666 hectares (approximately 157 square kilometers), all of which belongs to Ogata Village.

Ogata Village <Information>

• Location: Ogata Village, Minamiakita District, Akita City
• Phone number: 0185-45-2111
• reference
  • Ogata Village Encyclopedia
  • Oga Peninsula/Ogata Village Geopark
  • Beautiful Country Akita Net
  • Agriculture and Rural Development Information Center "Foundation of Water and Soil"

(Continued in "The History of Hachirogata Reclamation 2")

Tohoku Rokken Trivia Media NEFT

[The History of Hachirogata Reclamation ②] How was the reclaimed land created? [Hachirogata Town, Akita Prefecture]

https://jp.neft.asia/archives/33395

https://jp.neft.asia/archives/33330 The reclamation of Lake Hachirogata took 21 years, from 1957 to 1977, creating a vast expanse of 15,666 hectares. A new village called Ogatamura was established there, where approximately 1,100 households and 3,000 people (as of June 1, 2023, according to the Ogatamura website) live, primarily through rice farming. Japan, a small country surrounded by the sea and with little flat land, has a limited amount of land suitable for farming, and has suffered from a chronic shortage of farmland. To increase farmland, the country either cleared mountains, filled in lakes and shallow coastlines with soil, or drained them...

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NORIJUN

My love of travel led me to work for a travel magazine some time ago, and now I work as a travel writer for an online publication. I have visited all 47 prefectures in Japan, focusing on the Tohoku region, and I enjoy soaking in hot springs and experiencing traditional Japanese culture, including old townscapes, lifestyles, and performing arts and crafts